Type	Value Chain Constraint/Opportunity
Technological / Product Development	small-scale farmers lack access to appropriate tools and machinery (technologies) which decreases their yield opportunity for equipment manufacturers to offer leasing of tools/machinery to MSME's* and thereby improve product quality lack of technical skills of MSME's to produce to European buyer specifications reduces their income and market access
Market Access	lack of linkages to large buyers decreases sales potential of MSME's lack of information on standards reduces MSME's ability to produce to buyer specifications, lack of marketing organizations or brokers limits market outlets for MSMEs, high transportation costs increases the price of MSME production
Organization and Management	inability of producers to organize for economies of scale limits their opportunities to access higher value markets, MSMEs lack ability and time to conduct accounting MSMEs lack skills to develop business plans high rejection rates result in loss of income for MSME producers and buyers
Regulatory (Policy)	import taxes on inputs increases producer costs, artificial price subsidies prohibit the emergence of MSME producers, export tariffs increase exporter costs and decreases global competitiveness of the value chain lack of government contracting procedures that favor MSMEs reduces their opportunity to engage in public sector bids
Finance	farmers are unable to pre-finance improved inputs, opportunity for exporters to access commercial funding and increase their purchases from small-scale producers inability of MSMEs to provide adequate collateral decreases their access to working capital loans
Input Supply	high prices of inputs restricts use by small-scale producers, use of poor quality raw materials by MSMEs results in inferior products unable to meet market demands, MSME's in remote rural areas lack access to inputs which reduces productivity of MSMEs
Infrastructure	poor roads (or electricity, refrigeration facilities, telephones, etc.) increases the price of final products and makes competing with imports more difficult

   [*MSME = micro, small, and medium-scale enterprises; including farmers]